| | Behavioral Signs | Potential Pathologies | |---------------------|----------------------|----------------------------| | Sympathetic activation | Panting, pacing, vocalization | Tachycardia, hypertension | | Cortisol elevation | Hiding, freezing, anorexia | Immunosuppression, delayed wound healing | | Stereotypies (repetitive behaviors) | Pacing, bar biting, over-grooming | Gastric ulcers, dermatitis, weight loss |